![]() ![]() Those authors included Don Richard Riso (1987), Helen Palmer (1988), Eli Jaxon-Bear (1989), Elizabeth Wagele (1994), and Richard Rohr (1995). ![]() Numerous other authors also published books on the Enneagram of Personality in the 1980s and 1990s. Naranjo's teachings became increasingly popular in the United States and elsewhere from the 1970s. ![]() Ichazo originally strongly objected to the Enneagram teachings of Naranjo and other teachers due to what he considered their misinterpretations and misuses of the Enneagram. Two of his students were Jesuit priests who later adapted the Enneagram for use in Christian spirituality within programs at Loyola University in Chicago. Ichazo founded the Arica Institute - which was originally based in Chile before moving to the United States in the 1970s - and coined the term "Enneagram of Personality" (which he originally called the "Enneagon of Personality").Ĭlaudio Naranjo (1932–2019) learned the Enneagram of Personality from Ichazo in 1970 and then developed and taught his own understanding of the Enneagram in the United States, principally at the Esalen Institute and to his students in Berkeley, California. His teaching, which he called " Protoanalysis", uses the enneagram figure among several other symbols and ideas. The Bolivian-born Ichazo began teaching programs of self-development in the 1950s. Oscar Ichazo (1931–2020) is credited as the principal source of the contemporary Enneagram of Personality which is largely derived from parts of Ichazo's teachings, such as those on ego-fixations, holy ideas, passions, and virtues. Instead, Gurdjieff used the enneagram figure for various other purposes, including sacred dances known as the Gurdjieff movements. He did not develop the nine personality types associated with the Enneagram of Personality. Gurdjieff (died 1949) is credited with first using the word enneagram and is the only known source for the geometric figure. Evagrius wrote that "The first thought of all is that of love of self after this, the eight." In addition to identifying eight deadly thoughts, Evagrius also identified eight "remedies" to these thoughts. Evagrius identified eight logismoi ("deadly thoughts") plus an overarching thought he called "love of self". Similar ideas to the Enneagram of Personality are found in the work of Evagrius Ponticus, a Christian mystic who lived in 4th-century Alexandria in Egypt. The origins and historical development of the Enneagram of Personality are matters of dispute. Though the Enneagram integrates some concepts that parallel other theories of personality, it has been dismissed by personality assessment experts as pseudoscience. There has been limited formal psychometric analysis of the Enneagram, and the peer-reviewed research that has been done is not accepted within the relevant academic communities. Proponents in both contexts say it has aided in self-awareness, self-understanding, and self-development. In business contexts, it is often promoted as a means to gain insights into workplace interpersonal dynamics in spirituality it is commonly presented as a path to states of enlightenment and essence. The Enneagram of Personality is promoted in both business management and spirituality contexts through seminars, conferences, books, magazines, and DVDs. There have been different schools of thought among Enneagram teachers and their understandings are not always in agreement. Naranjo's theories were also influenced by earlier teachings about personality by George Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way tradition in the first half of the 20th century.Īs a typology, the Enneagram defines nine personality types (sometimes called "enneatypes"), which are represented by the points of a geometric figure called an enneagram, which indicate some of the principal connections between the types. Īlthough the origins and history of ideas associated with the Enneagram of Personality are disputed, contemporary approaches are principally derived from the teachings of the Bolivian psycho-spiritual teacher Oscar Ichazo from the 1950s and the Chilean psychiatrist Claudio Naranjo from the 1970s. The Enneagram of Personality, or simply the Enneagram, is a model of the human psyche which is principally understood and taught as a typology of nine interconnected personality types. ![]()
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